![]() ![]() Acutely, cortisol’s catabolic mechanisms provide energy to the body. Cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex and allows the body to continue to stay on high alert. As the body continues to perceive the stimuli as a threat, the hypothalamus activates the HPA axis. This results in effects such as increased heart rate and respiratory rate. The hypothalamus subsequently activates the SNS, and the adrenal glands release a surge of catecholamines, such as epinephrine. ![]() If necessary, the amygdala sends a stress signal to the hypothalamus. The amygdala is responsible for processing fear, arousal, and emotional stimuli to determine the appropriate response. The SNS is responsible for the fight or flight response, which causes a cascade of hormonal and physiological responses. In times of stress, the SNS gets activated. The body's autonomic nervous system is broken down into the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The body processes the stressful information and elicits a response depending on the degree of threat. The human body is continually responding to internal and external stressors. ![]() For example, they induce apoptosis of proinflammatory T cells, suppress B cell antibody production, and reduce neutrophil migration during inflammation. Glucocorticoids have a number of actions in the immune system. Cortisol has many functions in the human body, such as mediating the stress response, regulating metabolism, the inflammatory response, and immune function. ![]()
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